Outlook •  11/9/2022

Improving the Odds for Smallholder Farmers

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Smallholder farmers produce approximately a third of the world’s food, using just a fraction of the land and often minimal resources. What are the keys to supporting them?

From hybrid seeds and specialized software to mobile apps and satellite imagery, modern farmers have a range of cutting-edge tools and agricultural technologies at their disposal. But not all farmers have access to these game-changing innovations—and, even if they did, many wouldn’t be able to afford them.

Often smallholder farmers lack access to the infrastructure and information they need to optimize their yields and incomes. Despite these impediments, they produce 35 percent of the world’s food and 29 percent of the world’s crops, using but 12 percent of the world’s agricultural land. And no matter where they are, smallholder farmers have the potential to contribute so much more to the global food system.  All they need is access to technology and the know-how to make the most of it.

 

“Access to markets and financing are two of the biggest challenges that smallholder farmers need to overcome today,” says Jim Flock, program director for Agricultural Cooperative Development International/Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance, who has spent many years leading USAID-funded programs in countries such as Tanzania and Kenya. “Even when introduced to new seed or agriculture mechanization technologies, a lack of capital can constrain their efforts to optimize their on-farm production.”

Farmers working in field soil
Farmers working in field soil

Often smallholder farmers lack access to the infrastructure and information they need to optimize their yields and incomes. Despite these impediments, they produce 35 percent of the world’s food and 29 percent of the world’s crops, using but 12 percent of the world’s agricultural land. And no matter where they are, smallholder farmers have the potential to contribute so much more to the global food system.  All they need is access to technology and the know-how to make the most of it.

 

“Access to markets and financing are two of the biggest challenges that smallholder farmers need to overcome today,” says Jim Flock, program director for Agricultural Cooperative Development International/Volunteers in Overseas Cooperative Assistance, who has spent many years leading USAID-funded programs in countries such as Tanzania and Kenya. “Even when introduced to new seed or agriculture mechanization technologies, a lack of capital can constrain their efforts to optimize their on-farm production.”

 

Access to markets and financing are two of the biggest challenges that smallholder farmers need to overcome today.”

— Jim Flock

Program Director, Agricultural Cooperative Development International

A personal perspective
In Cape Town, South Africa, Ncumisa Mkabile—also known as the Spinach Queen—understands these challenges only too well, not just because she farms two single-hectare plots near the informal settlement of Khayelitsha, but also because she is the regional chairperson of the African Farmers’ Association of South Africa.

“My journey in farming started in March 2020, when I had to close down my catering business due to the pandemic,” Mkabile says. “The catering business was my only source of income, and I am the sole breadwinner. So I needed to think of another way for me to support my mother, my six-year-old son, and my brother.”

 

Mkabile’s solution? Crop production. But with no agricultural background to draw from, she relied on Google for advice and insight on the best crops to plant and the best times to plant them. Today, she is successfully farming spinach in winter, green peppers in summer, and poultry year-round for her local community.

 

“I supply supermarkets in the township, as well as restaurants and street vendors in my area,” she says. “My dream is to become a commercial farmer, where I can produce and supply my vegetables to businesses and companies all over South Africa while creating job opportunities for the people. I would also love to have my own farming academy in the township, where I can train children on the importance of food security.”

 

Funding is the primary obstacle for smallholders like Mkabile. Because she operates within an informal settlement, she is unable to get a lease agreement and is, therefore, unable to apply for funding. “Everything I do at the moment is covered by the profits of my business,” she says. “It’s very difficult for me to expand because I have to use my profits to maintain the farm and support my family. I don’t even have an irrigation system—I currently use watering cans.”

 

While pests and extreme weather conditions do not pose a major threat for Mkabile, these factors can further complicate smallholders’ lives in other parts of the world. Rainfall inconsistency, in particular, is a significant challenge, says Flock.

 

“As they enter into each planting season, the biggest question facing smallholder farmers is when and for how long the rains will occur,” he says. “Fortunately, agricultural inputs that are drought resistant and those that promote more ‘green tech’—such as pesticides—are continuing to enter the market and are beginning to reach smallholder farmers.” 

 

How the world is winning  

Protecting and nourishing this crucial part of the agricultural supply chain is vital to long-term food security, not to mention the livelihoods of more than 500 million smallholder farmers. Numerous projects are facilitating on-the-ground training and education of farmers. In addition, multistakeholder organizations are providing access to better-quality seeds, improved machinery, fertilizers and pesticides, and funding and markets.

sunrise over farm - aerial view
sunrise over farm - aerial view

“My journey in farming started in March 2020, when I had to close down my catering business due to the pandemic,” Mkabile says. “The catering business was my only source of income, and I am the sole breadwinner. So I needed to think of another way for me to support my mother, my six-year-old son, and my brother.”

 

Mkabile’s solution? Crop production. But with no agricultural background to draw from, she relied on Google for advice and insight on the best crops to plant and the best times to plant them. Today, she is successfully farming spinach in winter, green peppers in summer, and poultry year-round for her local community.

 

“I supply supermarkets in the township, as well as restaurants and street vendors in my area,” she says. “My dream is to become a commercial farmer, where I can produce and supply my vegetables to businesses and companies all over South Africa while creating job opportunities for the people. I would also love to have my own farming academy in the township, where I can train children on the importance of food security.”

 

Funding is the primary obstacle for smallholders like Mkabile. Because she operates within an informal settlement, she is unable to get a lease agreement and is, therefore, unable to apply for funding. “Everything I do at the moment is covered by the profits of my business,” she says. “It’s very difficult for me to expand because I have to use my profits to maintain the farm and support my family. I don’t even have an irrigation system—I currently use watering cans.”

 

While pests and extreme weather conditions do not pose a major threat for Mkabile, these factors can further complicate smallholders’ lives in other parts of the world. Rainfall inconsistency, in particular, is a significant challenge, says Flock.

 

“As they enter into each planting season, the biggest question facing smallholder farmers is when and for how long the rains will occur,” he says. “Fortunately, agricultural inputs that are drought resistant and those that promote more ‘green tech’—such as pesticides—are continuing to enter the market and are beginning to reach smallholder farmers.” 

 

How the world is winning  

Protecting and nourishing this crucial part of the agricultural supply chain is vital to long-term food security, not to mention the livelihoods of more than 500 million smallholder farmers. Numerous projects are facilitating on-the-ground training and education of farmers. In addition, multistakeholder organizations are providing access to better-quality seeds, improved machinery, fertilizers and pesticides, and funding and markets.

The good news? Billions of dollars are already being invested in projects such as these. “There are host and foreign governments investing in emerging agricultural markets, NGOs supporting improved production practices, research institutions sharing knowledge about optimal farm practices and challenges, along with the private sector entities that invest resources into ensuring their products can support optimizing production levels for all farmers,” says Flock. 

 

Host and foreign governments also invest in the infrastructure required to ensure that supply chains and transport routes for commodities are not delayed. Ultimately, this will support market access—especially in emerging markets that are facing prolonged drought, conflict, or other challenges—allowing food aid and market supplies to be provided when and where necessary.

Woman standing next to a seed bag, among pallets of seed bags
Woman standing next to a seed bag, among pallets of seed bags

The good news? Billions of dollars are already being invested in projects such as these. “There are host and foreign governments investing in emerging agricultural markets, NGOs supporting improved production practices, research institutions sharing knowledge about optimal farm practices and challenges, along with the private sector entities that invest resources into ensuring their products can support optimizing production levels for all farmers,” says Flock. 

 

Host and foreign governments also invest in the infrastructure required to ensure that supply chains and transport routes for commodities are not delayed. Ultimately, this will support market access—especially in emerging markets that are facing prolonged drought, conflict, or other challenges—allowing food aid and market supplies to be provided when and where necessary.

And according to Flock, it’s working. “Through the USAID Nafaka program, we documented an overall increase in yield products for rice and maize over a ten-year period, by introducing farmers to new agricultural inputs and mechanization technology,” he says. “The farmers had opportunities to choose improved varieties and were provided access to mechanization equipment that was subsidized. They are still using these varieties even after the close of the program.”  

 

Through increased access to mobile technology, the Nafaka program also witnessed farmers using WhatsApp, social media platforms, and YouTube to continue learning and sharing the challenges they faced on the farm. It is through programs and interventions such as these that the world can benefit smallholders’ lives as much as smallholders benefit the world.

 

“As it stands, roughly 60 percent of a smallholder farmer’s annual income is used to feed their household, versus 10 percent in developed markets,” says Flock. “I believe that, with access to appropriate inputs and technology, smallholder farmers would be able to reach roughly 70 to 80 percent of optimal production—assuming adequate rainfall.”

 

For Mkabile the Spinach Queen and her fellow smallholder farmers, this has the power to transform not only their lives, but also their communities’ future, their countries’ success, and the chances for survival of every human being on Earth.

woman farmer with USAID staff seated outdoors reviewing paperwork
woman farmer with USAID staff seated outdoors reviewing paperwork

And according to Flock, it’s working. “Through the USAID Nafaka program, we documented an overall increase in yield products for rice and maize over a ten-year period, by introducing farmers to new agricultural inputs and mechanization technology,” he says. “The farmers had opportunities to choose improved varieties and were provided access to mechanization equipment that was subsidized. They are still using these varieties even after the close of the program.”  

 

Through increased access to mobile technology, the Nafaka program also witnessed farmers using WhatsApp, social media platforms, and YouTube to continue learning and sharing the challenges they faced on the farm. It is through programs and interventions such as these that the world can benefit smallholders’ lives as much as smallholders benefit the world.

 

“As it stands, roughly 60 percent of a smallholder farmer’s annual income is used to feed their household, versus 10 percent in developed markets,” says Flock. “I believe that, with access to appropriate inputs and technology, smallholder farmers would be able to reach roughly 70 to 80 percent of optimal production—assuming adequate rainfall.”

 

For Mkabile the Spinach Queen and her fellow smallholder farmers, this has the power to transform not only their lives, but also their communities’ future, their countries’ success, and the chances for survival of every human being on Earth.